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Circuit Cookbook — Small Circuits That Do Useful Work

Tutorial Index

Components become circuits

The component pages introduced resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, tubes, transistors, op-amps, transformers, and relays one at a time. Now we will begin combining a few of them into circuits that actually do useful work.

PASSIVE resistors capacitors inductors transformers filters / dividers TUBE voltage gain coupling bias plate load audio stages SOLID STATE diodes transistors op-amps switching buffers / drivers Small circuits become building blocks inside larger equipment.

Cookbook rule #1: keep each circuit small

Each page will focus on one useful building block. Larger equipment is usually easier to understand when it is recognized as a collection of familiar small circuits.

Cookbook rule #2: follow the signal or current

Rather than staring at the whole schematic at once, find the input, follow the path one component at a time, and ask what each part contributes.

Cookbook rule #3: values are examples, not commandments

The resistor or capacitor values shown on these pages are chosen to make the circuit easy to understand. Real designs may need different values because of supply voltage, load, frequency, device tolerances, temperature, or other specifications.

Safety: some circuits — especially vacuum-tube circuits and power supplies — can involve dangerous voltages. The tube examples are for understanding circuit operation, not instructions for working on energized high-voltage equipment.

Look for familiar blocks inside unfamiliar equipment

A radio, amplifier, control board, or instrument may contain hundreds of parts, but many of those parts are arranged into recognizable sections: a voltage divider here, an RC filter there, a transistor switch, a buffer, an amplifier stage, a rectifier, or a relay driver.

Try these yourself

What is the main purpose of this cookbook section? PASSIVE resistors capacitors inductors transformers filters / dividers TUBE voltage gain coupling bias plate load audio stages SOLID STATE diodes transistors op-amps switching buffers / drivers Small circuits become building blocks inside larger equipment.
The goal is to connect individual components to simple circuits that appear repeatedly inside larger devices.
Which family can make useful circuits without an active amplifying device?
Resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers can form passive filters, dividers, and networks.
Why repeat similar building blocks in several technologies?
A useful function such as gain, buffering, filtering, or switching can appear in tube, transistor, op-amp, or passive form.